La Cour suprême américaine face aux défis de l’hyperprésidence Trump

La Cour suprême des Etats-Unis à majorité conservatrice ouvre lundi sa nouvelle session annuelle, au moment où la justice fait figure d’ultime rempart face à la toute-puissance de la présidence de Donald Trump.Appelée à trancher des questions explosives dans une société américaine ultrapolarisée, la Cour se heurte à l’incompréhension voire aux critiques croissantes non seulement de l’opinion publique, mais aussi maintenant des juridictions inférieures.Au programme de cette session figure le pouvoir du président à imposer des droits de douane prohibitifs sur les importations ou de révoquer les responsables d’organismes indépendants, en particulier à la banque centrale (Réserve fédérale).Les neuf juges statueront également sur le découpage électoral politico-racial, la participation des personnes transgenres aux compétitions sportives féminines, les thérapies de conversion, les droits religieux d’un détenu rastafarien, ou encore le port d’armes.”En toile de fond de cette session, il y a deux conflits distincts”, résume Samuel Bray, professeur de droit à l’Université de Chicago.Le premier met aux prises la Cour suprême et Donald Trump, explique-t-il: “En mai, il semblait qu’il allait y avoir beaucoup de divergences sur l’immigration et les droits des personnes, mais en ce moment le président enchaîne les succès à la Cour suprême”.Le second conflit, entre la Cour suprême et les juridictions inférieures, se traduit par “beaucoup plus de tensions et de nombreuses suspensions ou annulations prononcées par la Cour”, poursuit Samuel Bray.- Traitement préférentiel -Sur une vingtaine de recours en urgence devant la Cour depuis le retour au pouvoir de Donald Trump en janvier, déjà un record, son administration a effectivement obtenu satisfaction dans 70 % des cas.La plus haute juridiction américaine a ainsi suspendu ou levé des décisions judiciaires restreignant les expulsions d’immigrés, les licenciements de fonctionnaires, la suppression de financements publics ou encore l’exclusion des personnes transgenres de l’armée.”La Cour s’est pliée en quatre pour donner son feu vert aux positions de l’administration Trump”, déplore la directrice juridique de l’influente organisation de défense des droits civiques ACLU, Cecillia Wang.Avant le retour à la Maison Blanche de Donald Trump, “la Cour suprême n’avait jamais statué en urgence en faveur du pouvoir exécutif au seul motif que celui-ci voulait appliquer sa politique immédiatement”, affirme-t-elle.”Cela semble être le seul fondement sur lequel la Cour suprême suspend des décisions des juridictions inférieures contre le président”, ajoute Cecillia Wang, y voyant une dérive “inquiétante”.Les trois juges progressistes de la Cour reprochent également à la majorité conservatrice d’accorder un traitement préférentiel au gouvernement.”Les autres plaignants doivent suivre les règles, mais cette administration a la Cour suprême dans ses contacts téléphoniques favoris”, a ainsi écrit la juge Sonia Sotomayor, pour exprimer son désaccord avec une décision en juillet autorisant l’expulsion d’immigrés vers le Soudan du Sud, pays en proie à un conflit.- “Pas des modèles de clarté” -Les tensions apparaissent également entre la Cour et les juridictions inférieures.L’un des juges conservateurs, Neil Gorsuch, a ainsi morigéné plusieurs magistrats de première instance, pour avoir selon lui délibérément ignoré les orientations fixées par la Cour suprême.Ils “peuvent parfois être en désaccord avec les décisions de cette cour, mais ils ne sont jamais libres de les défier”, a-t-il écrit en août dans un arrêt, estimant que même les décisions prononcées en urgence faisaient jurisprudence.Mais plusieurs juges de première instance dénoncent le caractère sibyllin de ces décisions prises en urgence, parfois non motivées.”Les récentes décisions en urgence sur les suppressions de subventions n’ont pas été des modèles de clarté”, a répliqué à Neil Gorsuch la juge Allison Burroughs, qui a ordonné en septembre l’annulation du gel des quelque 2,6 milliards de fonds gouvernementaux à l’université Harvard.Les juges de première instance “doivent se débattre avec à la fois la jurisprudence existante et des orientations provisoires de la Cour suprême qui passe outre la jurisprudence antérieure sans guère d’explication ni de consensus”, plaide-t-elle.Cecillia Wang, de l’ACLU, redoute une érosion accélérée du crédit de la Cour suprême par “l’accumulation de décisions déraisonnables”, citant l’autorisation de descentes de police de l’immigration à Los Angeles dénoncées comme des contrôles au faciès.De fait, le taux d’approbation de la Cour a sombré à un plus bas historique, à 39 %, dans un sondage Gallup de juillet, avec un écart inédit de 64 points entre républicains (75 % d’opinions favorables) et démocrates (11 %).

ICC to give war crimes verdict on Sudan militia chiefMon, 06 Oct 2025 02:09:11 GMT

The International Criminal Court (ICC) on Monday hands down its verdict on a feared Sudanese militia chief accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity during brutal attacks in Darfur.Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, also known by the nom de guerre Ali Kushayb, faces 31 counts of crimes including rape, murder and torture allegedly carried out …

ICC to give war crimes verdict on Sudan militia chiefMon, 06 Oct 2025 02:09:11 GMT Read More »

ICC to give war crimes verdict on Sudan militia chief

The International Criminal Court (ICC) on Monday hands down its verdict on a feared Sudanese militia chief accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity during brutal attacks in Darfur.Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, also known by the nom de guerre Ali Kushayb, faces 31 counts of crimes including rape, murder and torture allegedly carried out in Darfur between August 2003 and at least April 2004.Prosecutors say he was a leading member of Sudan’s infamous Janjaweed militia, who participated “enthusiastically” in multiple war crimes.But Abd-Al-Rahman, who was born around 1949, has denied all the charges, telling the court they have got the wrong man.”I am not Ali Kushayb. I do not know this person… I have nothing to do with the accusations against me,” he told the court at a hearing in December 2024.Abd-Al-Rahman fled to the Central African Republic in February 2020 when a new Sudanese government announced its intention to cooperate with the ICC’s investigation.He said he then handed himself in because he was “desperate” and feared authorities would kill him.”I had been waiting for two months in hiding, moving around all the time, and I was warned that the government wanted to arrest me, and I was afraid of being arrested,” he said.”If I hadn’t said this, the court wouldn’t have received me, and I would be dead now,” added the suspect.Fighting broke out in Sudan’s Darfur region when non-Arab tribes, complaining of systematic discrimination, took up arms against the Arab-dominated government.Khartoum responded by unleashing the Janjaweed, a force drawn from among the region’s nomadic tribes.The United Nations says 300,000 people were killed and 2.5 million displaced in the Darfur conflict in the 2000s.- ‘Severe pain’ -During the trial, the ICC chief prosecutor said Abd-Al-Rahman and his forces “rampaged across different parts of Darfur”.He “inflicted severe pain and suffering on women, children and men in the villages that he left in his wake”, said Karim Khan, who has since stepped down as he faces allegations of sexual misconduct.Abd-Al-Rahman is also thought to be an ally of deposed Sudanese leader Omar al-Bashir, who is wanted by the ICC on genocide charges.Bashir, who ruled Sudan with an iron fist for nearly three decades, was ousted and detained in April 2019 following months of protests in Sudan.He has not, however, been handed over to the ICC, based in The Hague, where he also faces multiple charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.ICC prosecutors are hoping to issue fresh arrest warrants related to the current crisis in Sudan.Tens of thousands have been killed and millions displaced in a war between Sudan’s army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which grew out of the Janjaweed militia.The conflict, marked by claims of atrocities on all sides, has left the northeast African country on the brink of famine, according to aid agencies.Local leaders in the Kalma camp in South Darfur are renting a Starlink satellite internet connection on Monday to let survivors watch the verdict.The area is under RSF control, and the camp is facing a cholera outbreak and a severe hunger crisis.

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‘My heart sank’: Surging scams roil US job hunters

After a series of interviews, Nicole Becker was ecstatic to receive a job offer from a sportswear brand. But like many Americans navigating a tough job market, she was soon confronted with a sobering reality — the recruiter was a scammer.From fake job listings to fraudsters posing as real recruiters, employment scams are exploding online — fueled by a cooling labor market and a boom in generative AI that experts say has made these schemes more sophisticated than ever.In July, a purported Chinese brand offered Becker — a 37-year-old based in Oregon — a coveted role to lead global communications after an elaborate and legitimate-looking recruitment process that stretched over two weeks.There were no red flags after an initial online interview with a supposed human resources official was followed by a call with someone calling himself the head of marketing and sales.Then came the offer letter, accompanied by a detailed PowerPoint deck outlining her assigned role, budget, and performance targets for the first six months. Both parties promptly signed the agreement.But a week later, during an onboarding meeting, Becker picked up the first hint that something was amiss.She was told that the company’s servers had been destroyed in California’s wildfires. As a result, she would have to purchase a laptop and cellphone from a designated retailer herself, with the promise of reimbursement in her first paycheck.”That’s when my heart sank and I was like, ‘oh no, I fell for a fake job,'” Becker told AFP, requesting that her real name be withheld.”It is so scary because I consider myself to be a smart and clued-in person, especially with what’s going on with AI and scams in general. If I can get scammed, I feel this can happen to anybody.”- ‘Perfect storm’ -Employment-related scams jumped by over 1,000 percent from May through July, a period when new graduates typically search for jobs, according to the US firm McAfee.Nearly 1 in 3 Americans report receiving job offer scams via text message, highlighting how “these schemes have moved beyond email into our daily conversations,” McAfee said.The firm’s research shows victims lost an average of $1,471 per scam, with $12 billion reported lost to fraud last year, a 21 percent increase compared to the previous year. “We’re seeing a perfect storm of factors — a tight labor market, where more people are urgently competing for fewer opportunities, is creating pressure that scammers exploit,” Lisa Plaggemier, executive director of the nonprofit National Cybersecurity Alliance, told AFP.”At the same time, generative AI has made it easier for bad actors to craft convincing fake postings, recruiter profiles, and even interview scripts.”The combination means scams are harder to spot, and job seekers, especially first-time applicants, are more vulnerable than ever.”Becker’s experience — who immediately ceased all communication with the scammers — illustrates a common scam tactic: fraudsters run a long con, counting on job seekers to let their guard down after clearing a few hurdles in the interview process.- ‘Candidate fraud’ -The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recently warned consumers about “fake check scams,” in which fraudsters pose as employers and send counterfeit checks, instructing victims to purchase equipment from selected vendors.”If you get an offer that includes depositing a check and then using some of the money for any reason, that’s a scam. Walk away,” the FTC said.Employers are also frequently targeted by scams.In July, the FBI warned about North Korean scammers posing as Americans to “gain fraudulent employment and access to US company networks.”Further complicating the hiring landscape is the rapid advancement of AI tools, which have made virtual interviews increasingly prone to deception.A recent survey of 3,000 job candidates conducted by the American firm Gartner found that six percent admitted to engaging in interview fraud -– either by impersonating someone else or having someone pose as them.The firm estimates that by 2028, one in four candidate profiles worldwide will be fake.In response, some companies that initially adopted AI tools to streamline hiring are now reintroducing face-to-face interviews at various stages of the recruitment process to safeguard against fraud.”It’s getting harder for employers to evaluate candidates’ true abilities, and in some cases, their identities. Employers are increasingly concerned about candidate fraud,” said Gartner’s Jamie Kohn.Such scams create “cybersecurity risks that can be far more serious than making a bad hire.”burs-ac/jgc

Negotiators due in Egypt for Gaza talks as Trump urges quick action

Delegations from Hamas, Israel and the United States are due to convene in Egypt for talks on Monday, with US President Donald Trump calling on negotiators to “move fast” to end the nearly two-year war in the Gaza Strip.The envoys are set to meet in the Egyptian resort town of Sharm El-Sheikh, on the eve of the second anniversary of the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack that sparked the war.Both Hamas and Israel have responded positively to Trump’s roadmap to end the fighting and release captives in Gaza in exchange for Palestinians held in Israeli jails, though the details still need to be ironed out.A senior Hamas official told AFP that the group was “very keen to reach an agreement to end the war and immediately begin the prisoner exchange process in accordance with the field conditions”.Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, meanwhile, said he hoped the hostages could be released within days.Trump wrote on his Truth Social platform on Sunday that “there have been very positive discussions with Hamas” and other parties over freeing the captives and ending the war.The talks were “proceeding rapidly”, he said, adding that “the first phase should be completed this week, and I am asking everyone to MOVE FAST”.Trump has sent two emissaries to help finalise the deal: his special envoy Steve Witkoff, and his son-in-law Jared Kushner.Hamas’s chief negotiator, Khalil al-Hayya, arrived in Egypt late on Sunday at the head of the delegation, the group said in a statement.The Israeli delegation will depart for Egypt on Monday, according to Netanyahu.After months of stalled mediation efforts by the United States, Egypt and Qatar aimed at ending the devastating war, foreign ministers from several countries expressed optimism at the latest diplomatic push in a joint statement, calling the negotiations a “real opportunity” to achieve a sustainable ceasefire.On Sunday, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio urged Israel to stop bombing Gaza ahead of the discussions, saying “you can’t release hostages in the middle of strikes”.Israel’s continued attacks on Sunday killed at least 20 people across the Palestinian territory, according to Gaza’s civil defence agency.Cairo has said the new talks will aim to lay “the ground conditions and details of the exchange of all Israeli detainees and Palestinian prisoners”.- Hostage-prisoner exchange -Hamas fighters are ready to “halt their military operations” once Israel halts theirs, according to a Palestinian source close to the group.Trump has said that once the hostage-prisoner exchange is complete, “we will create the conditions for the next phase of withdrawal”.In addition to a halt to hostilities, the US plan calls for the release of hostages, both living and dead, within 72 hours.Palestinian militants seized 251 hostages during their October 7 attack, 47 of whom are still in Gaza. Of those, the Israeli military says 25 are dead.In return for the hostages, Israel is expected to release 250 Palestinian prisoners with life sentences and more than 1,700 detainees from the Gaza Strip who were arrested during the war.The next step of the plan would be a gradual Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and Hamas’s disarmament — something the group has frequently described as a red line in the past.Hamas has insisted it should have a say in the territory’s future, though Trump’s plan stipulates that it and other factions “not have any role in the governance of Gaza”.Under the proposal, administration of the territory would be taken up by a technocratic body overseen by a post-war transitional authority headed by Trump himself and including former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.burs-bha/smw/mjw

Etats-Unis: des licenciements de fonctionnaires ouvrent une deuxième semaine de blocage budgétaire

Donald Trump a assuré avoir mis à exécution sa menace de licencier des fonctionnaires à la suite du blocage budgétaire qui entre lundi dans sa deuxième semaine et risque de s’étendre dans la durée, vu les débats acerbes entre républicains et démocrates.Chaque camp se retranche sur ses positions et se rejette la faute, depuis que les Etats-Unis sont entrés, mercredi, en situation de “shutdown”, et le pays s’enfonce en attendant dans une paralysie aux conséquences bien plus que politiques.Après avoir ces derniers jours gelé des projets d’infrastructures dans des Etats démocrates et menacé de supprimer des agences fédérales, le président américain a déclaré dimanche soir aux journalistes que son administration avait commencé à licencier définitivement – et pas seulement à mettre au chômage technique comme c’est habituellement le cas- des fonctionnaires. “C’est en cours en ce moment même. Tout ça, c’est la faute des démocrates. Les démocrates sont responsables de la perte de nombreux emplois”, a déclaré le président à la Maison Blanche, sans précision sur ces licenciements.Les fonctionnaires fédéraux se trouvent au premier rang des personnes les plus touchées par le blocage. Même s’ils échappent à un licenciement, leur paie est différée jusqu’à ce qu’un budget soit adopté au Congrès, qu’ils aient été mis au chômage technique ou non. Un manque à gagner conséquent pour ces plus de deux millions de fonctionnaires si la situation venait à durer.”Il est bien possible que ce +shutdown+ se prolonge pendant des semaines, et pas seulement quelques jours”, estime Andrew Koneschusky, ancien conseiller du ténor démocrate Chuck Schumer.”Les deux bords campent sur leurs positions et il est très peu question de compromis. Les choses peuvent toujours évoluer (…) mais pour l’heure, aucun des deux partis ne semble prêt à céder”, explique à l’AFP ce spécialiste en communication de crise.- “Souffrance maximale” -D’un côté, les républicains proposent une extension du budget actuel jusque fin novembre, tandis que les démocrates insistent pour obtenir la prolongation de certains programmes d’assurance santé pour les plus démunis.Scott Bessent, le secrétaire au Trésor de Donald Trump, a expliqué jeudi craindre “un coup au PIB, un coup à la croissance”. Outre l’impact sur les fonctionnaires, les Américains qui comptent prendre l’avion au cours des prochaines semaines pourraient aussi voir leur voyage perturbé en raison d’un manque d’agents de sécurité des transports ou de contrôleurs aériens, entraînant retards et annulations.A son sixième jour lundi, le “shutdown” en cours est encore loin du record. Entre décembre 2018 et janvier 2019, déjà sous Donald Trump, le précédent blocage s’était étalé sur 35 jours.Cependant, le président républicain applique aujourd’hui une stratégie de “souffrance maximale” envers l’opposition, selon les termes de certains observateurs.- “Tenir bon” -L’intransigeance du président républicain constitue une raison majeure de croire que le record de durée puisse tomber, explique James Druckman, professeur de sciences politiques à l’université de Rochester.”L’administration Trump considère qu’elle dispose d’un mandat sans contrôle, et par conséquent ne se prête généralement pas au compromis”, souligne-t-il auprès de l’AFP.De leur côté, “les démocrates ont été critiqués pour ne pas s’être battus de manière suffisamment forte” contre Donald Trump, rappelle le professeur.En mars dix sénateurs démocrates avaient voté à contrecoeur pour un texte républicain afin d’éviter la paralysie fédérale. Leur choix avait provoqué la colère de nombreux militants et sympathisants démocrates, qui les accusaient de plier face au président.En définitive, ce “compromis n’a produit aucun effet positif pour les démocrates”, analyse James Druckman. Alors cette fois-ci, “ils sont plus enclins à tenir bon”.Malgré tout, les républicains espèrent bien faire céder suffisamment de sénateurs démocrates pour atteindre le seuil de 60 voix, synonyme de fin du blocage. Vendredi, leur texte n’en avait récolté que 54, dont trois de l’opposition.Pour l’analyste financier Michael Ashley Schulman, l’issue pourrait provenir d’un rappel des élus à la réalité économique: “Si Wall Street commence à avoir la trouille, et que les taux obligataires bondissent, même les idéologues les plus fervents se trouveront soudainement une profonde conviction envers les solutions de consensus.”

Republicans warn of pain ahead as US shutdown faces second week

Trump administration officials and top Republicans warned Sunday that Americans will increasingly feel the pain of an ongoing US government shutdown as most federal operations remained shuttered.With Democrats refusing to give in over their demands for continued government health care subsidies in the budget, the White House says plans are being finalized for the firing of thousands of federal workers.Shutdowns are a periodic feature of gridlocked Washington when the two parties cannot agree on budget priorities. All non-essential workers are temporarily furloughed, or left without pay, while the parties work out their differences.This time, the stakes are higher, with President Donald Trump telling reporters Sunday that the administration had already started to permanently fire — not merely furlough — government employees.”It’s taking place right now. It’s all because of the Democrats. The Democrats are causing the loss of a lot of jobs,” Trump said, blaming his rivals as he has done since the start of the impasse.The shutdown, in its fifth day, has shown no signs of ending, with a top Democrat saying there had been no talks between congressional leaders since Monday.Kevin Hassett, who directs the White House’s National Economic Council, told CNN that there was hope for progress in talks in the coming week.Trump himself sounded resigned to the shutdown dragging on.Talks will center on addressing expiring Obamacare health subsidies. The Senate’s Republican majority leader acknowledged the two sides were currently “at a stalemate.””It’s going to get uncomfortable,” Senator John Thune told Fox News show “Sunday Morning Futures,” adding that some behind-the-scenes discussions were addressing the potential extension of subsidies for Obamacare.- Democrats demand negotiations -How long could the shutdown last? “Just as long as the Democrats want it to,” Thune said.But Republicans control the levers of power in Washington, and Democrats have laid the failure to keep the lights on squarely at the feet of Trump’s party.The minority Democrats seek to force Republicans to address the health care subsidies issue by blocking a Trump-backed temporary funding resolution that needs a handful of their votes.In March, when the threat of a shutdown last loomed, Democrats blinked first, voting for a six-month Republican resolution to keep the coffers stacked despite policy misgivings.Now, Democrats are demanding negotiations.”If Republicans continue to refuse to extend the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) tax credits, tens of millions of American taxpayers are going to experience dramatically increased premiums, co-pays and deductibles,” House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries said on NBC’s “Meet the Press.”Shutdown concerns run across party lines, according to a CBS News poll released Sunday. It showed just 28 percent of Americans support congressional Republicans’ handling of the crisis, while congressional Democrats received 27 percent support.The shutdown’s effect on the economy is rattling Americans, with 49 percent of respondents saying they were very concerned and 31 percent somewhat concerned, compared to just 20 percent saying they are not concerned.The country’s last government shutdown, beginning in December 2018, occurred during Trump’s first presidential term and lasted a record 35 days. The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office estimated that shutdown cost the US economy about $11 billion.

India crush Pakistan by 88 runs amid handshake snub, umpiring drama

India thumped arch-rivals Pakistan by 88 runs in a Women’s World Cup clash but the game was marred by controversy as players refused to shake hands at Colombo’s R. Premadasa Stadium on Sunday.The two captains avoided the customary handshake at the toss and there was hardly a glance exchanged during play.Once the formalities were done, both sides made a beeline to their dressing rooms, skipping the traditional post-match greetings, a frosty ending to a heated encounter.The animosity that brewed during the recent men’s Asia Cup in Dubai seemed to spill over to the women’s fixture in Colombo.Even before a ball was bowled, controversy struck when the toss went the wrong way.Pakistan skipper Fatima Sana’s call of “tails” was misheard by match referee Shandre Fritz and announcer Mel Jones as “heads”.When the coin landed heads up, the decision was incorrectly awarded to Fatima, who chose to field.The drama didn’t stop there. Pakistan’s Muneeba Ali was caught short in bizarre fashion.After surviving a leg-before appeal, she wandered out of her crease and though she had grounded her bat when the throw came in, it was in the air when the bails were dislodged.The television umpire ruled her out amid heated protests from the Pakistan camp.”We are very happy. This was a very important game for us. I am sure people back home are happy too. There are few areas to improve but, for now, we’ll savour this win,” said Indian skipper Harmanpreet Kaur.India’s innings was built on a series of useful starts, with Harleen Deol’s composed 46 off 65 balls anchoring the effort.Wicketkeeper Richa Ghosh provided the late fireworks, blazing an unbeaten 35 off 20 deliveries with three fours and two towering sixes to lift India to a competitive 247.Pakistan seamer Diana Baig bowled with heart, claiming 4-47 in a spirited spell.Three of those wickets came in her final burst, though she was denied a five-for after overstepping when Jemimah Rodrigues was caught behind on two.Pakistan’s chase never got out of first gear. The Indian new-ball attack swung the ball late, nipping out early wickets before the spinners tightened the screws.Off-spinners Deepti Sharma and Sneh Rana shared five scalps between them while seamer Kranti Goud’s three-wicket burst earned her the player of the match award.Sidra Amin, batting at number three, stood tall amid the ruins. Her elegant 81 off 106 balls, laced with nine boundaries and a six, was a lone hand in an otherwise sorry tale.Running out of partners, she perished sweeping Rana to square leg, ending Pakistan’s faint hopes.”We gave away too many runs in the Power Play. Sidra was superb again, but someone had to stay with her till the end. Very disappointed with the result,” lamented Pakistan skipper Sana.The win sent India to the top of the table in the eight-nation tournament while Pakistan languish in sixth, still searching for their first points.

Vampires, blood and dance: Bollywood horror goes mainstream

Long written off as fringe, horror is back in India’s Bollywood, reinvented with comedy, mythology and big stars powering a box-office renaissance.”There are new stories, fresh talent, and all of this is leading to a resurgence,” said director Deepak Ramsay of the renowned filmmaking family, which has created around 30 horror titles over the decades.”Films that were once niche are turning out to be blockbusters.”Once dismissed as pulp, bigger budgets, sophisticated special effects and A-list casts are pulling Bollywood horror out of the shadows.”There is a huge audience wanting to watch such movies,” said director Aditya Sarpotdar, whose film “Thamma” — touted as India’s first vampire movie — releases this October.Billed as a “bloody love story”, it stars popular actors Ayushmann Khurrana and Rashmika Mandanna, and blends Bollywood’s signature song-and-dance numbers with werewolves and sharp fangs.Ramsay credits some the genre’s new-found success to prosthetics and computer-generated effects that have “gone to the next level”, noting that budgets have also shot up.From as little as $25,000 to make a horror film, “now budgets are closer to $9 million”, he said.Bollywood’s horror history runs deep.The 1949 black-and-white hit “Mahal” is widely regarded as the first Hindi horror film, when Kamal Amrohi’s supernatural tale of a reincarnated lover introduced a striking aesthetic.- ‘Get scared’ -The Ramsay Brothers pushed the genre forward in the 1970s and 1980s, with low-budget “creature” features in the style of Britain’s “Hammer House of Horror”.But despite occasional standouts, horror became associated with shoestring budgets, cheap effects and lesser-known actors.”None of the big stars would be interested because the budgets were small,” Ramsay said.And with horror films often restricted to adult viewers, “almost 50 percent of the audience would be cut off”, he added.Even so, the Ramsays had a winning formula: Blood and sex pulled in crowds with lurid gore and scantily clad women.A slow shift began in the 2000s, with Ajay Devgn starring in the 2003 success “Bhoot” (“Ghost”), while Akshay Kumar led cult hit “Bhool Bhulaiyaa” in 2007, a landmark that mixed psychological thriller and comedy.The broader popular rise began in 2018 with “Tumbbad” — the first Indian film to open Venice Critics’ Week — and “Stree”, which drew on folklore and mythology to captivate audiences.Today’s filmmakers are increasingly blending genres.”There’s a very thin line between horror and comedy,” Ram Gopal Varma, who directed “Bhoot”, told AFP.”The moment you get scared, your first reaction after the shock is to laugh.”- Biggest star -Sarpotdar said the lighter approach broadened the appeal.”When catering to mass audiences, humour becomes key,” he said.His 2024 hit “Munjya”, a 12A-rated tale of a vengeful spirit who wants to get married, turned into a family outing.”Children pulled their parents to theatres,” he said.Despite recent success, Sarpotdar believes Indian cinema has yet to give the genre its full due.”We always looked at horror as pulpy,” he said.He now has his eye on the ultimate prize: Bollywood’s biggest star.”I would love to see Shah Rukh Khan attempt horror,” said the director.”If these films are fun and entertaining, why not?”