Over four decades of war, Afghanistan wielded limited control over five major river basins that flow across its borders into downstream neighbouring nations. But as Taliban authorities swept to power and tightened their grip on the country, they have pushed for Afghanistan’s water sovereignty, launching infrastructure projects to harness precious resources in the arid territory.  Dams and canals have sparked tensions with neighbouring states, testing the Taliban authorities’ efforts to build strong regional ties, as they remain largely isolated on the global stage since their 2021 takeover. At the same time, the region is facing the shared impacts of climate change intensifying water scarcity, as temperatures rise and precipitation patterns shift, threatening glaciers and snowpack that feed the country’s rivers. Here are key points about Afghanistan’s transboundary water challenges:- Central Asian states to the north – Afghanistan is emerging as a new player in often fraught negotiations on the use of the Amu Darya, one of two key rivers crucial for crops in water-stressed Central Asia, where water sharing relies on fragile accords since Soviet times.Central Asian states have expressed concern over the Qosh Tepa mega canal project that could divert up to 21 percent of the Amu Darya’s total flow to irrigate 560,000 hectares of land across Afghanistan’s arid north, and further deplete the Aral Sea. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are likely to face the biggest impact, both joined by Kazakhstan in voicing alarm, even as they deepen diplomatic ties with the Taliban authorities — officially recognised so far by only Russia.”No matter how friendly the tone is now,” water governance expert Mohd Faizee warned, “at some point there will be consequences for Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan when the canal starts operating”. Taliban officials have denied that the project will have a major impact on the Amu Darya’s water levels and pledged it will improve food security in a country heavily dependent on climate-vulnerable agriculture and facing one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. “There is an abundance of water, especially when the Amu Darya floods and glacial meltwater flows into it” in the warmer months, said project manager Sayed Zabihullah Miri, during a visit to the canal works in Faryab province, where diggers carved into a drought-ridden plain dotted with camels and locusts.- Iran to the west – Iran is the only country with which Afghanistan has a formal water sharing treaty, agreed in 1973 over the Helmand river, which traverses Taliban heartland territory, but the accord was never fully implemented.Longstanding tensions over the river’s resources have spiked over dams in southern Afghanistan, particularly in periods of drought, which are likely to increase as climate shocks hit the region’s water cycle. Iran, facing pressure in its parched southeastern region, has repeatedly demanded that Afghanistan respect its rights, charging that upstream dams restrict the Helmand’s flow into a border lake. The Taliban authorities insist there is not enough water to release more to Iran, blaming the impact of climate pressures on the whole region.They also argue long-term poor water management has meant Afghanistan has not gotten its full share, according to an Afghanistan Analysts Network report by water resources management expert Assem Mayar.Iran and Afghanistan have no formal agreement over their other shared river basin, the Harirud, which also flows into Turkmenistan and is often combined into a single basin with the Morghab river.  While infrastructure exists on the Afghan portions of the basin, some has not been fully utilised, Faizee said. But that could change, he added, as the end of conflict in Afghanistan means infrastructure works don’t incur vast security costs on top of construction budgets, lifting a barrier to development of projects such as the Pashdan dam inaugurated in August on the Harirud.- Pakistan to the east – Water resources have not topped the agenda in consistently fraught relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Afghanistan’s Kabul river basin, which encompasses tributaries to the greater Indus basin and feeds the capital and largest city, is shared with Pakistan.The countries, however, have no formal cooperation mechanism. With the Afghan capital wracked by a severe water crisis, the Taliban authorities have sought to revitalise old projects and start new ones to tackle the problem, risking fresh tensions with Pakistan. But the lack of funds and technical capacity means the Taliban authorities’ large water infrastructure projects across the country could take many years to come to fruition — time that could be good for diplomacy, but bad for ordinary Afghans. 

In a remote Afghan village, women strap yellow plastic jerry cans to donkeys and travel every day down a dusty canyon to collect as much water as they can. The containers hold barely enough for drinking, let alone for the hygiene needs of the roughly 30 people living in Qavriyak, central Bamiyan province.”There is not enough water to clean or take a shower daily and we don’t have hygienic toilets,” said 26-year-old Masooma Darweshi.It’s a struggle faced by parched settlements across much of the country.Afghans are experiencing the climate crisis through water, international organisations warn, emphasising that women are particularly at risk.Women and girls traditionally make the increasingly long trips to collect water, made more difficult since the Taliban government came to power and imposed restrictions on women’s movement, education and work.Women are the primary caregivers in Afghan households, tending to children, the sick and elderly as well as domestic chores. “Water is women’s business,” Shukria Attaye, a school teacher in a village above Darweshi’s, told AFP.”Cooking, cleaning dishes, fetching water, washing clothes, taking care of the kids, bathing them — it’s all on women.” – ‘Unaware of proper hygiene’ -At the top of the canyon with sides stained by a now-dry stream, Attaye’s village’s fortunes changed when non-governmental organisation Solidarites International provided toilets and a clean water source. “Women used to carry big gallons on their backs, causing back problems” as they hiked thirty minutes each way to collect water or take dishes and clothes for washing, said Attaye.The children used to get sick often from water contaminated by human and animal waste, contributing to one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world, particularly among children and mothers. The UN children’s agency UNICEF said in May approximately 31 percent of Afghans do not have access to basic drinking water and 42 percent do not have access to basic hygiene services, with the burden weighing “most heavily on girls and women”. The Taliban authorities dispute the UN figures but have implemented their own projects on water management and hygiene, water ministry spokesman Motiullah Abid told AFP. Improving hygiene awareness and disease rates “won’t be solved in just five or six months, addressing them requires sustained effort”, said Aziza Shuja, who has worked on women’s health issues across her native Bamiyan for years, carrying out hundreds of hygiene training sessions with Solidarites International. “Many women said they had previously been unaware of proper hygiene,” with diarrhoea and skin conditions rife, said Shuja, who trained in gynaecology.But a cultural reluctance to publicly address women’s health and a ban on girls’ education beyond primary school have contributed to a lack of knowledge and poor access to women healthcare providers. – ‘More problems than men’ -Darweshi said the women in her village get ill often, but it is a long and bumpy ride to the nearest clinic — a journey often taken by donkey or motorcycle. “Sometimes, when women get their periods, they complain of pain in their kidneys or abdomen,” Darweshi said, blaming infections from lack of water for hygiene.  Disposable pads are out of reach for the poor family, which did not have enough water this year to grow crops. The fine line many families walk between getting by and desperation in a country facing one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises after decades of war, is stark in the face of increasing climate risks, like droughts and floods. In neighbouring Maidan Wardak province, Gol Babo and her daughter said they would have to cut dirty clothes into strips to use when they menstruated after a flash flood clogged the Chinzai village’s already limited water source. “Women have more problems than men, of course,” she told AFP. “There is only enough water for drinking… Everything is laying outside dirty, there is no water to clean anything.”